The Conversation: Stand your ground laws open invitation to violence
In one key respect, 16-year-old Ralph Yarl was fortunate. The wounds he suffered April 13, after being shot twice by the owner of the house whose doorbell he rang, thinking it was where he was due to pick up his two younger brothers, did not prove fatal.
Others who have made similar mistakes have died. Victims include Renisha McBride, who sought help after wrecking her car in a Detroit suburb in 2013; Carson Senfield, who entered the wrong car in Tampa, thinking it was his Uber, on his 19th birthday; and 20-year-old Kaylin Gillis, passenger in a car that turned around in a driveway in upstate New York on April 15.
What these young people have in common is this: They were killed in accidental encounters with armed property owners.
As a scholar who has studied America’s love affair with guns and lethal self-defense, I have explored the history of laws that selectively shield citizens from criminal responsibility when they use force under the cover of self-defense. Since 2005, these “stand your ground” laws have spread to around 30 states, transforming the legal landscape of the United States.
While preexisting laws regarding justifiable use of force allowed the use of lethal force for self-defense in some circumstances, they required that people first try to retreat from a perceived threat if it was safe to do so or to seek a nonlethal solution to a hostile encounter.
Stand your ground laws, however, authorize defensive violence without a duty to retreat, wherever a person may legally be. Some also expand the circumstances in which someone could use lethal force to defend property.
Although the laws appear to apply to all law-abiding citizens, research shows that they are not equitably enforced, and that they may be emboldening property owners to shoot first and question their actions later, even when they face no real threat of harm.
That certainly seems to be the case with Yarl. The Black teen was simply trying to pick up his siblings.
His shooting generated widespread outrage, especially when Kansas City Police Chief Stacey Graves suggested investigators would consider whether the shooter — an 84-year-old white man — might have recourse to the state’s stand your ground law as a defense against prosecution.
Given that the encounter took place on the shooter’s property, there is a possibility the shooter could find legal protection in the “castle doctrine,” which allows someone to use reasonable force — without first trying to retreat — in self-defense in their home. But he would still have to show reasonable cause for firing two shots at the unarmed teen standing at his front door, the second after the teen lay bleeding on the ground.
It seems that in the case of Yarl, state prosecutors believe that the bar of reasonable cause was not met. Andrew D. Lester, the homeowner, has since been charged with first degree assault and armed criminal action.
This does not preclude the defense from invoking Lester’s right to “stand his ground” and use force in self-defense, however.
Missouri’s stand your ground law, in place since 2016, removes the duty to retreat anywhere a person may legally be, even beyond one’s “castle.” But you still need to prove that force is used reasonably, that it was not carried out in aggression or anger, and that there was a genuine fear for your life.
Indeed, the resolution of cases like the Yarl shooting turn on a highly subjective reckoning of what counts as reasonable force, and on which side — prosecution or defense — bears the burden of proof.
Traditional laws on the use of force place that burden on the alleged self-defender, who must prove that their actions were reasonable.
But some states with stand your ground laws, like Florida, shift the burden of proof from the defense to the prosecution. This means that the prosecution must prove that the alleged self-defender was not truly fearful when using force.
In some instances, as in the shooting of Senfield after he tried to enter a car he misidentified as his Uber, the stand your ground law becomes a shield against prosecution. No charges have been filed in that case, in large part because there were no witnesses to contradict the shooter’s claim that he feared for his life when Senfield tried to enter his car.
Contrary to the claims of the framers and promoters of stand your ground laws, there is scant empirical evidence that the laws prevent crime. In fact, multiple studies show just the opposite.
Research on public health and crime reveals a pernicious effect of stand your ground laws on public safety, showing a correlation with increased rates of gun homicide. One study, which includes an assessment of Missouri’s law, found that the passage of stand your ground laws correlates with an 8% to 11% increase in firearm homicide rates.
An analysis of stand your ground cases in Florida, carried out by gun violence prevention group Everytown for Gun Safety, addressed the way removal of the duty to retreat encourages violent escalation. Researchers suggested that more than half the cases could have been resolved without loss of life.
Further, recent scholarship shows how stand your ground laws intensify existing racial injustices in the U.S. criminal system.
A study by the think tank Urban Institute found significant discrepancies in the rate at which homicides in stand your ground cases were deemed justified, depending on the race of the shooter and the race of the deceased. White shooters were significantly more likely to be exonerated when their victim was Black, suggesting that — particularly in states with stand your ground laws — white people may feel more legally empowered to use lethal force and avoid prosecution, as long as their victims are Black.
In the Yarl case, the possible presence of racial bias has not escaped the attention of Kansas City prosecutors. Lester’s grandson has described his grandfather as a QAnon devotee with “racist tendencies and beliefs” that likely prompted his violent reaction to Yarl’s presence on his doorstep.
Against the backdrop of historical legacies of racial bias in the U.S., stand your ground laws intensify the risks of shooting deaths in an increasingly gun-saturated public. With laws that encourage armed citizens to use force against any perceived threat — real or imagined — even the most innocent mistakes and chance encounters can turn deadly.
From The Conversation, an online repository of lay versions of academic research findings found at https://theconversation.com/us. Used with permission.
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